What are the main responsibilities of astronauts during space missions?

The primary responsibilities of astronauts during space missions center around conducting research, operating spacecraft, and performing extravehicular activities (EVAs). This entails a variety of tasks that are essential for the success of the mission and the safety of the crew.

Conducting research is fundamental, as astronauts often carry out experiments relevant to biology, physics, and materials science in the microgravity environment, which can yield important scientific discoveries and advancements. Operating spacecraft is critical, as astronauts must manage navigation, docking, and other spacecraft systems to ensure mission success. These tasks require a deep understanding of the spacecraft's systems and the ability to respond to various challenges that may arise during the mission.

Extravehicular activities, or spacewalks, are another essential responsibility, often necessary for maintenance and repair tasks outside the spacecraft or to conduct experiments in space that cannot be performed inside. This can involve repairing equipment, installing new instruments, or conducting visual inspections of the spacecraft.

While the other options list important activities related to space missions, they do not capture the main and direct duties of astronauts during the actual missions themselves, which center on the hands-on operation and active engagement in scientific endeavors within the spacecraft and in space.